Kali Hindu Essays - Hindu Goddesses, Mother Goddesses, Shaktism

Kali Hindu Kali Hindu goddesses personify Nature ? its bounty, beauty, wisdom and mystery. In benevolent forms, they nurture life. But in malevolent forms, they destroy everything. They are therefore adored and appeased with offerings of flowers and bridal finery. Unlike most other religions, Hinduism does not advocate the worship of one particular deity. There are numerous gods and goddesses worshipped by Hindus all over India. Among these is Kali, the black earth mother whose rites involve sacrificial killing. She is associated with dark, obscene rites and devil worship. She has black skin and hideous tusked face, smeared with blood. Kali is the Hindu primal Mother Goddess who brings Life and Death, from which all things sprang. She is the furious embodiment of the divine feminine that is released when she becomes enraged. In general we might describe Kali as a Goddess who threatens stability and order. She is the destroyer of the very world She is supposed to protect. Kali was the basic archetypal image of the birth-and-death Mother, simultaneously womb and tomb, giver of life and devourer of her children: the same image portrayed in a thousand ancient religions. One legend says that Kali manifested when the demon Daruka appropriated divine power and the powerful Goddess Parvati knitted Her brows. From Her fury sprang Kali, armed with a trident. She dispatched Daruka and remained in existence, beyond even the control of Parvati, of whom She is an aspect. Kali is still one of India's most popular Goddesses. In fact the city of Calcutta is an anglicized version of the name Kali-Ghatt, or steps of Kali, Her temple. The bloody rites of Kali worship are sometimes so terrifying, that few understand them. Kali is a symbol of the worst we can imagine and by knowing Her, we can overcome the terror of our own death and destruction. Once faced and understood, Kali frees her worshippers of all fear and becomes the greatest of mothers, the most comforting of all goddesses. Kali is an important figure in Hinduism, despite Her intimidating appearance and ghastly habits. She takes a central role in Tantrism, where an underlying assumption if ideology is that reality is the result of the symbiotic interaction of male and female, Siva and Sakti - polar opposites that in interaction produce a creative tension. In Tantra it is Kali's vitality that is sought through techniques aimed at spiritual transformation. She is affirmed as the dominant and primary reality. Kali is regarded as the supreme goddess of the Saktas, who almost always associate her with Shiva. As the latter's consort or associate, she plays the role of inciting him to wild behavior. As a goddess having an awful, frightening appearance, she is addressed as Siddhasenani (general of the Siddhas), Mandaravasini (dweller on the Mandara), Kali (black or dark), Kapali (wearer of skulls), Bhadrakali, Mahakali, Chandi (formidable), Karali (frightening), etc. To many of her devotees, she is also Kumari (virgin), Tarini (deliverer), Vijaya (victory), Jaya, `younger sister of the chief of cowherds', `delighting always in Mahisa's blood', Kausiki, Uma, `destroyer of Kaitabha', mother of Skanda, Svaha, Svadha, Sarasvati, Savitri, `mother of the Vedas', Mahadevi, Mohini, Maya, Hari, Sri, Sandhya, Vindhyavasini (an epithet of Durga), Chamunda, etc. Mahakali is very dark, usually naked, and has long, disheveled hair, a girdle of severed arms, a necklace of freshly cut heads, earrings of child ren's corpses, and bracelets of serpents. To add to her dreadful appearance, she has long, sharp fangs and claw like hands with long nails and blood smeared on her lips; she laughs loudly, dances madly. She is a goddess who, in the words of David Kinsley, even in the service of the gods, she is ultimately dangerous and tends to get out of control. In association with other goddesses, she appears to represent their embodied wrath and fury, a frightening, dangerous dimension of the divine feminine that is released when these goddesses become enraged or are summoned to take part in war and killing?. In relation to Shiva, she appears to play the opposite role from that of Parvati. Parvati calms Shiva, counterbalancing his anti-social or destructive tendencies. It is she who brings Shiva within the sphere of domesticity and who, with her soft glances, urges him to

Comparative Words Lesson Plan

Comparative Words Lesson Plan Use these guidelines to prepare a lesson plan to teach students of any age how to use comparative words and comparative clauses to express the concepts of more or less and greater or lesser. Objectives and Goals Instruct/review adjectives as a part of speechIntroduce students to words that end in -er and/or -estOffer students the chance to practice finding similar items and comparing them through the proper use of language Anticipatory Set​ Ask students what they know about -er and -est words, as well as the word than. Explain that -er adjectives are for comparing two things, while -est words are used to compare three or more things. For older students, introduce and use the terms comparative and superlative repeatedly and hold students accountable for knowing these terms. Direct Instruction Model turning common root adjectives into comparative and superlative adjectives (examples: funny, hot, happy, big, good, etc.)Brainstorm additional adjectives and practice (as a group) putting them into sentences (example: The sun is hotter than the moon. A baby is smaller than a teenager.) Guided Practice Depending on the age and abilities of your students, you can ask the students to write their own comparative and superlative sentences from scratch. Or, for younger students, you can design and copy a worksheet with cloze sentences and they can fill in the blanks or circle the correct suffix. For example: Fill in the Blanks: The ___________ is bigger than the ___________.Circle one: The big (er or est) animal in the zoo is an elephant. Another option is to have students look through the pages of their independent reading books and search for comparative and superlative adjectives. ​ Closure Offer sharing time for the students to read aloud the sentences they completed or composed. Reinforce the core concepts with discussion and question/answer time. ​ Independent Practice For homework, have students write a given number of comparative and/or superlative sentences based on things they find in their homes, books, neighborhood, or imaginations. ​ Required Materials and Equipment Worksheets if needed, paper, pencils, student reading books if needed. ​ Assessment and Follow-Up Check completed homework assignments for correct sentence structure and grammar. Re-teach as needed. Point our comparative and superlative words as they come up in class discussion and whole group reading.

Gross Writing Errors Found on the Web

Gross Writing Errors Found on the Web Gross Writing Errors Found on the Web Gross Writing Errors Found on the Web By Daniel Scocco Computers and the Internet are revolutionizing the way we create and share information. Through blogs, wikis and social networks, you can reach literally 1.2 billion of people without leaving your room. That being said, a little attention toward correct spelling and basic grammar rules couldnt hurt, right? Below you will find some curious, to say the least, errors that we gathered on the Web. You are the best mom in the hole world Maybe the person lives in a hole or something, but he probably wanted to say the whole world. The kids were very attentive because of the recent tsunami The apostrophe has a wide range of uses within the English language, but forming plurals is not one of them. The kids were very attentive. you might as well ask if less men enter nursing because there are less men in nursing Less men? Fewer men you mean! Less is used for uncountable things, like less sugar or less money. For plural things (countable), you must use fewer, like fewer cars. The stock market made further progress forward yesterday This one is coming from the New York Times (ouch!). Progress means to move forward or to develop, so progress forward is a redundancy, and should be avoided. Its like to say that something is absolutely essential took me around 1 hour and my cell ran out of credit) to resolve some minor (yet presistant) issues The issues were persistent, not presistant. The company provides solutions in the following specialty areas: information technology, proffesional services and direct hire/search This was found on a LinkedIn resume (ouch again!). Not sure how professional the services really are. the importance of the Internet and the roll it plays in our everyday lives The Internet plays a very important role, not roll, in our lives. These could of been handy because its easier to look at a more simple, less messy theme to understand how These could have been, not could of. Also, if something is more simple it is simpler. 1K should be sufficient for an ernest payment Ernest is a male name. The good-faith deposit used in real estate transactions is called earnest payment. make sure that each of these templates contain the same XHTML/HTML Each refers to singular subjects, and the verb must agree with the subject. Each of these templates contains. The nature of his illness had been kept quite and not many of the crew and cast had seen much of him in the intervening time The nature of his illness had been kept quiet (not â€Å"quite†). A friend will do whatever they can to lift you up when your down because they dont like to see there friend hurt Friends (not A friend) will do what ever they can. The pronoun must agree with its antecedent. When youre (not your) down. To see their (not there) friend. hes alot like a younger version robert horry, same height, long body This is a mistake that happens a lot (not alot) around the Internet. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:10 Rules for Writing Numbers and NumeralsDo you "orient" yourself, or "orientate" yourself?12 Misunderstood and Misquoted Shakespearean Expressions

Corporate Failure Rates and the Impact of the 1986 Insolvency Act Essay

Corporate Failure Rates and the Impact of the 1986 Insolvency Act - Essay Example Interest rates are important because they reflect the monetary policy manifestation. Increase in inflation rates also result in increase in failure rates. Lastly, the age of a business is important because the lesser the age of a business, the more chances are that it would not survive. It was assumed that the failure rates would have a positive relationship with interest rates, cost of use of capital, price levels and company formation and on the other hand, it would have a negative relationship with profits and credit availability. An error correction model was constructed which connected these variables with failure rates. Also, ADF test and PP test were carried out to find out the long term effects of the variables mentioned above. Regression analysis was also done on an equation formed by Johanson method (1982). The results from the Chow test show that the imposition of the Insolvency act of 1986 has had some effects on the failure rates. Also, the coefficient of the dummy variable was also negative and statistically important which makes it possible for us to conclude that the failure rates decreased since the introduction of the Insolvency act. Corporate Failure Rates and the Impact of the 1986 Insolvency Act is a very extensively researched case study. ... CritiqueCorporate Failure Rates and the Impact of the 1986 Insolvency Act is a very extensively researched case study. This study aims to find evidence of the effectiveness of the Insolvency Act of 1986 by studying time series data of failure rates after and before the act was introduced. It has studied previous studies, collected present data and carried out statistical analysis on that data and compared the results.The abstract in the beginning is concise and clear as it gives a brief account of what is in the paper. All the important points regarding the previous studies, procedure, results and conclusion are given. Next comes introduction and the introduction also sets a base that makes us ready for what is coming next. It briefly describes the Insolvency Act and its effects on businesses. This not only makes it very easy to grasp the main idea but it also makes it understandable to anyone who is studying the area under discussion for the first time. Technical terms such as 'wron gful trading' and many others that were used throughout the case study were straightforwardly defined right after they were used, which made the matter very comprehensible and easy to understand.The literature that is included in the case study is just enough to give good empirical evidence regarding the subject matter. Every fact that is given is either supported with a previous data, literature of present findings. This case study aims to see the effects of this act 11 years after its implementation therefore it will help us know its long term effects. The limitations of previous studies are also given when it was mentioned that 2 or 3 years is not a long enough time to adequately study the long term

Intermediate Accounting 2 answeres Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Intermediate Accounting 2 answeres - Essay Example Additionally, the organization should deduce that the position will be examined by legitimate taxing authority with full concept and awareness of the significant when information when evaluating whether a tax position has met the more probable than not recognition threshold. Measurement process: this is the second process that calls for measurement of a tax position that meets a threshold of more likely than not recognition in order to determine the benefit that should be recognized in the statements of financial position of respective organization or enterprise. A tax position, that has 50% benefits, is realized upon final settlement. IFRS requires deferred tax liabilities and assets to be classified as noncurrent in the balance sheets while, on the other hand, U.S.GAAP allows noncurrent and current classification of liabilities and assets leading to a slight difference. IFRS does not give any specific guideline for the purposes of recognizing deferred tax liabilities that are associated with uncertain tax position while U.S.GAAP provides precise guidance for the recognition of the deferred tax liabilities. Other countries have a well-elaborated retirement systems that do not give rise to any suspicion. For example, a country like Australia, there is a government mandate for universal participation of workers in retirement plan (Unilever 2007). Netherlands have laws that require workers’ pension plans to be converted into lifetime annuities so as not to spend all their savings early. Unlike other countries, U.S’s contributions are of low rate to assure retirement adequacy for the majority of middle-class workers and some other workers withdrawing their sums before the retirement age. United states have the authorization of employers paying 6.2 percent of their salaries to social security that is time and again overlooked drawing much attention to the accounting pension than other foreign countries

Slave Ship Essay Example for Free

Slave Ship Essay Rediker’s concern for the individual lived experiences of the participants in the trade is aided immensely by his command of the history of what life at sea is like. While scholars have been using the narrative of Olaudah Equiano to illuminate the experiences of enslavement for decades (Burnside and Robotham 1997), chapter 8 of The Slave Ship titled â€Å"The Sailor’s Vast Machine† contains a learned and astute description of work and suffering at sea. What sticks out is violence, and the shocking degree to which physical and emotional terror was used as a tool for control and psychosexual masochism. Rediker rightly points out that both captives and crew were being exploited by the captain, officers, and sponsors of slave ship voyages, without going so far as to suggest that the sailors somehow had it worse than the slaves. Far from it; Rediker makes clear the degree to which the nascent concept of â€Å"race† was lived out onboard, and relates truly debauched tales of rape, torture, concubinage, and murder of essentially helpless children. Anthropologically inclined readers will find much of interest in chapter 9 of Rediker’s book, titled â€Å"From Captives to Shipmates. The argument is of course not new; Mintz and Price raised it in the 1970’s as have others. In this chapter Rediker discusses favored anthropology themes such as resistance, revolt, music, dance, and other dimensions of the ethnogenesis of African-American culture. On page 305 he observes Slowly, in ways surviving documents do not allow us to see in detail, the idiom of kinship broadened, from immediate family to messes, to workmates, to friends, to countrymen and –women, to the whole of the lower deck. And in so observing, Rediker has given underwater archaeologists of the slave trade and the slave ship a research agenda. It’s an agenda with which I happen to agree and that I have discussed in greater detail elsewhere (McGhee 2007). Rediker ends his book with a discussion of the fight to end the slave trade and with the moving testimony of cast-off and dying sailors being cared for by enslaved people in Caribbean ports. He writes, â€Å"Theirs was the most generous and inclusive conception of humanity I discovered in the course of my research for this book. † I wonder what conceptions of humanity continue to motivate certain anti-treasure hunting nautical archaeologists. The Henrietta Marie and Fredensborg remain the two most representative archaeological examples of slave ships in existence. The former, first located in the water by Moe Molinar a Panamanian of African descent in the employ of treasure hunter Mel Fisher, is particularly important. Yet it took an African-American recreational SCUBA diving club, the National Association of Black SCUBA Divers, to denote and demonstrate that shipwreck’s importance and to bring its significance to wide attention. Properly trained nautical archaeologists still won’t publicly touch that wreck with a ten-foot pole.

America’s Mergence of Personal and Public Realms in Arendt’s The Human

America’s Mergence of Personal and Public Realms in Arendt’s The Human Condition America is a superpower, irrefutably the most dominant nation in the world. Underlining this supremacy, however, is the fact that America's society is facing several problems. Among these problems is what Hannah Arendt calls the emergence of society through the mergence of both the personal and public realms. This major problem has spawned numerous other problems, so has been chosen as the underlying cause for the tribulations of modern American society. Hannah Arendt, author of The Human Condition, has provided relevant analysis that applies to this major problem facing American society today. Modern American society intertwines the personal and public realms of its citizens into one, called the social realm. It follows then that, while in public, one's personal life has a serious effect on their position in society. The most prominent measure of one's status is wealth. Many of the influential voices today are of wealthy citizens. It appears that although everyone is entitled to their own opinion,...

The Literature of the Victorian Period

â€Å"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde† by Stevenson Book Analysis â€Å"North and South† by Gaskell Book Report Example of Literature Review essay, Sample Paper Introduction The literature of the Victorian period is the synonymy of oppositions. Some of the oppositions introduced by this period are to be considered â€Å"vital† as they deal with the major human values. The list of the works known to be the best representations of the Victorian world outlook is very long; nevertheless some works are to be highlighted. Opposition is the core of Stevenson’s â€Å"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde†. Its outstanding resolution and the struggle of two forces has become the embodiment of duality. Another works to mention is Mrs. Gaskell’s â€Å"North and South†. Being based on a contradiction the book’s characters fight within the whole book in order to achieve the balance between the opposing sides. These two works do not speak only about the duality of the material world but of the spiritual world, too, which sometimes gives the impression of their insolubility. Both of the books deal with reconciling these oppositions, and their reconcile turn out to have a lot of common aspects. Being so different from each other, they therefore become a lot alike, for the message they are carrying is quite the same: a difference of a person from standard society representatives causes this person incredible sufferings. Both of the books are the fight of individuality against the society and the norms that it obtrudes but nevertheless there is something more to both of them†¦ The opposition between the desire to be different and the necessity to be like everybody create a perfect base for the struggle both in â€Å"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde† and â€Å"North and South†. North and South† and â€Å"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde† comparison Essay Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Stevenson’s â€Å"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde† is a creation of the opposition of two spiritual essences. Basically, it goes about the â€Å"mutation† that Dr. Jekyll’s personality goes through. Through the story of Dr. Jekyll the author talks about the â€Å"unrev ealed† side of the society. The analysis of the deep context of the book brings the reader to the understanding that Dr. Jekyll’s duplicity is nothing but the personification of social issues. Everybody sees Dr. Jekyll as a fine scientist, a rich, respected man. He understands the impossibility to reveal his terrifying and horrible second personality. Society would not have approved Mr. Hyde, nobody would have loved him. Still, Mr. Hyde is a part of Dr. Jekyll. And that is the real tragedy. Dr. Jekyll’s attempts to control his â€Å"personality conditions† with a special drug is an attempt to reconcile these two oppositions that live inside of him. â€Å"Gentlemen like me have to be very careful of what we do or say†, says Dr. Jekyll and indeed he is right. The story of Dr. Jekyll is the story of an unsuccessful attempt to neutralize the opposing sides, as Dr. Jekyll dies. The novel also reveals that the upper society classes do also have â€Å"dark sides† and are not â€Å"socially perfect† as it was put in the period of the book creation. No matter what a person is in his life he still remains a simple human, no matter what a person seems to be – he will still have two sides of a personality, if he cannot be what he really is: good or bad. The society does not allow it and it produces a struggle! â€Å"North and South† Gaskell’s â€Å"North and South† has a lot to do with oppositions, too. The main heroine Margaret Hale has a pattern of everyday life that she has had while living in Helstone in the south of England. This is s story of the contradictions that the girl faces as she moves from agrarian Helstone to industrialized Milton. This is the contradiction between the life that she has known in the South and the life she faces in the North. This is also a fight of the values, which differ in two different parts of the country. The equality of the South converts into the absence of rights in the North. The book also opposes two different feelings of the heroine. Belonging to the class of workers she is against their poverty and the way they are treated at the mill, at the same time she is in love with the owner of the mill. This converts into the confrontation of two different social classes. The insolubility of all these oppositions makes the heroine want to come back to the old ways in Helstone. But when she does†¦ She realizes that everything changes and that her way of life is not the only possible and perfect one. She reconciles the oppositions with the awareness of achieving the balance through having the ability to help the â€Å"poor† people, even now belonging to the upper class. The reader also faces the opposition of the upper class cruelty and the understanding that there people inside the class that do want to be equitable. The nature of tensions of the books It is not surprising to see that both of the book have common aspects and the primary aspects of course the social one. The both deal with the basic Victorian â€Å"discoveries†. Stevenson’s: One person, being a solid creature may still have two different parts, two opposite identities, that struggle for obtaining power over the person. It is the opposition of what a person seems to be, fulfilling the social norms and what he is in reality. Gaskell’s: One country, being a solid territory may still have two different and even opposite ways of life, depending on the part of the country. The â€Å"North and South† also symbolizes the opposition of two different classes, belonging to these two opposing ways of life – the agrarian and the industrial one. Both of the books are definitely a part of the same society. It is a society in its attempt to reconcile from the oppositions that are tearing it apart, destroying its essence. These Victorian works are the product of the society understanding the weakness of its social aspects: class differences, social norms, and its desire to put everything in abutments, which are â€Å"sociable† or in other words acceptable for observing. The society opposes itself in both of the books. Both of the books are calls for achieving balance and harmony; Victorian calls for changing the perception of the world. Source: http://www. custom-essays. org/examples/Literature_Review_of_the_Victorian_period_essay. html

Music in Renaissance Period

Introduction Renaissance, literally, meaner rebirth; it is an era that began in sass's and ended in 1600 and its school of thought dramatically shifted from religious and mystical ideals to a focus to human interactions. It is worthy and important to understand the changes from the transition of musical period, because they mark and shape the music industry that stands now. For instance, opera was in its infancy when Gigolo Canine (1551-1681) started writing the first opera and now operas can be found in all around the world and in different cultures.There are tremendous aspects to talk bout of the transition from Medieval to Renaissance period, however this essay will only limit itself on the changes in vocal composition, and the historical events that might lead to such changes. Four aspects will be mainly focused on – change in style of vocal composition, reasons of increased secular composition, invention of new text types and what the biggest motivation behind all changes . Change in style of vocal composition When talking about the liturgical music from medieval period, one can easily associate to plainchant or more specific Gregorian chant.Gregorian Chant usually ivies us a single and narrow ranged of sacred melody and is perceived as the voice of church in that period. Then, polyphony was evolved around twelfth century. Organza (earliest polyphony) involved of adding a faster melody on top of a plainchant. It is rather easy to identify medieval music from Renaissance music, since Renaissance music is relatively richer and fuller. The texture is mostly polyphonic; however could be also homophobic with successions of chords.The bass register was used for the first time, this allows an expansion of pitch range at the same time usually provides a strong and full accompanies when play with the higher voices. Renaissance choral music study: Jonquil's Eave Maria Polyphonic imitation is a technique that best represents the typical style of renaissance voc al composition. The idea is that a short melody is presented by one voice and the other voices imitate the same thing but with delays, thus is similar to an echo of the first melody.This technique of overlapping provides the sense of continuity; and also as all the melodic lines were conceived at the same time instead of being conceived line by line in the renaissance period, the harmonic effect is more ICC and pleasant to hear. One of a great example of polyphonic imitation is the four-voice motet by Joaquin Desired (144(:)-1521). Being one of the most important composers in the renaissance period, Joaquin pioneered the â€Å"pervasive imitation† (a. K. Polyphonic imitation) as a contrapuntal device. His influence to the Western musical history is well recognized because pervasive imitation has became the ancestor of modern fugue (later in Baroque period,J. S. Bach was also being inspired and wrote many famous fugue composition. ) Eave Maria†¦ Virgo serene (1502) is a w ork by Joaquin that may best illustrate the quinine of pervasion imitation. Eave Maria is a chapel that is choral music in the renaissance period that did not need instrumental accompaniment.Yet, some a chapel used instrument to duplicate the vocal lines in order to support and reinforce the singers if they find it hard to maintain on the right pitches. At the opening pervasion imitation is used, soprano sings the single phrase â€Å"Eave Maria† and each voice sings the same melody in succession. In addition to imitation in different voices, it also occurs between pairs of voices. For instance, soprano and LTO come into duet in the phrase â€Å"Eave, cuss conception', while the two lower voices imitate in succession.In the phrase Virgo serene†, all voices sing together creating a feeling to completeness to the first verse. Comparing to the chants in medieval period, the pervasion imitation technique that was used in renaissance period definitely introduce new elements to the style of vocal composition and have made the choral singing more challenging yet interesting to work with. Increase in secular composition The development of secular pieces flourished in the renaissance period. This might u to several reasons, including the Reformation against Catholic Church, and the rise of printing press.Catholic Church came to a crisis in the sixteenth century, because of the leaders' obvious abuse of power and money. In addition to more education opportunities, people were more aware of the false knowledge the church had given them. Martin Luther (1483-1546) was a scholar and musician; he realized the doctrine of the Catholic Church – wealthy sinners can buy their way to heaven was contradicting to what he saw in the New Testament letters of the apostle Paul (salvation can only be offered by the grace of God).Such indulgence of the Church provoked reformation from different people, including Martin Luther who later led to the born of Lutheran Chur ch and Henry the eighth from England. As the power of Catholic Church started to fall, people were more aware of the expression of individual's feelings and compositional styles. Other than playing sacred music that centered on God, more and more secular music started to evolve. At the same time, musicians were taken more serious at the first time. In the medieval period, troubadours who were among the first to have written secular songs, were treated as the lowest social class.However the fate of musicians had totally changed in renaissance period. The ideal of â€Å"universal man† had been promoted; it is believed that every educated person was to be trained in music. Musicians now had higher social status; they got paid better and were recognize their work. The invention of printing press also helped to increase the secular composition. Mass publication of music was resulted by the printing press, and now music could survive in volumes and became a common language that not only nobles and people in the court knew.More people were educated with music and were able to make their win, thus the amount of secular music increased. Exploration of more music text types During the renaissance period, the increase in secular music had opened doors to other text types including madrigal, ballet and other instrumental music. Madrigal usually refers to a piece for several solo voices set to a short poem, and is usually set in a chapel or solo voices with very light accompany. Since it was among the first to set story into music, madrigal was also identify as the ancestor of the modern opera.Many people have questioned the origin of opera, however it is lived that The Florentine Camera, a group of intellectuals who met in the home of Count Giovanni De' Bard to discuss trends of art and philosophy, were the ones who inspired the development of opera. The Camera thought that the music in those days were very corrupted, and the only way to save it is to root back to the style of ancient Greek. They also centered on the overuse of polyphony, since polyphony could only create confusion rather than the clarity in expressing â€Å"conception of one's soul†.Therefore, they encouraged â€Å"monody' that was a single melodic line with accompaniment, and also the ancestor of opera. Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643) was the earliest composer who explored the technique tone painting in madrigal. Tone painting is the illustration of the meaning of specific words through musical symbolism. For instance, if there were a word â€Å"long† in the text, then the tone would be very long on that word. Another type of renaissance secular text type is ballet.Ballet is a danceable song for several solo voices; also following the ideal of the Camera ballet was mostly homophobic in texture with the melody in the highest voice. Before renaissance, instrumental music were Just accompaniment to vocal sounds. However, during the sixteenth century, more music w as specifically written for instruments. Besides organ, harpsichord and clavichord both evolved in the fifteenth century. There was also a more organized grouping for instrument in terms of their volumes. They were two groups, altar capable and bass capable meaning loud and soft ensembles.Altar capable that is the loud ensembles included shams, pipes and even percussion. While bass capable included harp, lute and other plucked string. The secret driving force There was a new ideal that was driving all those changes from medieval to incessant music – the Humanism. During the medieval period, music was often a way to seek for a more intimate relationship with God. Yet, the renaissance ideals shifted from â€Å"God-centric† to â€Å"human-centric†, the will and interactions of human were more emphasized.The loss of power of the Catholic Church was originated to the psychological change of Man. People's wills were no long being controlled by the authority, instead t hey were dare to question about the fidelity of the doctrine. The rise of secular music was another sign for the new renaissance ideal. Secular music brought entertainment to the incessant era; people could play secular music in weddings and on the street. This kind of entertainment was fulfilling to people in those times, and people were willing to engage to this activity that made them feel pleasant.Conclusion The transition of the music in medieval period to renaissance period was indeed very spectacular. The literal meaning of the word â€Å"renaissance† best illustrated the state of the music from medieval period – rebirth. The change in vocal composition might be the most obvious change of all. The expansion of range, enriched tone color and the use of new technique had brought music to another level; the music in incessant was more challenging but more interesting to play with.Due to the reformation of new churches, and the invention of printing, he amount of se cular composition being produced had also increased in this era. New music text types had also been explored; the most important of all – madrigal had promoted the growth of opera in later years, ballet and also instrumental music. Yet, among all those change in style of music, or the political adjustments, the most powerful driving force behind the changes was the philosophy of humanism that was floating in the air; the ideals of it had allowed people to emphasize more on â€Å"human-centered† aspects like free will and entertainments.

Free Essays on Example Of A Memorandum

Memorandum To:, General Manager From: Date: February 13, 2003 Subject: Proposal for a Public Affairs TV Talk Show â€Å"blagh† Due to the growing issues surrounding Guam such as the possibility of war with Iraq and the effect it will have on our economy, there is a great demand to have an opinion based talk show where the residents of our island can voice their concerns and listen to what leaders and businessmen around our community are saying. Currently there are no talk shows on so we will benefit from our viewers. Target Audience The word â€Å"blagh† means â€Å"balance, harmony† in the American language. I chose this name for the show because the audience will get to see and listen to each persons point of view whether it be the governor or an overworked, underpaid teacher. There will be a sense of balance in the discussions and topics of the shows. The Viewers will most likely be over the age of 30. I propose to air the show for an hour every Sunday at 2:00. Sunday is the day that most people are home unwinding from an exhausting week of work and they would like to relax and watch television. Key Staff With myself as the producer, Mrs. Y as the director and Mr.X as the host I assure you that we will be a very productive team and the show will be a reflection of our hard work and dedication. Production Schedule And Costs Since we will be shooting the show in-house, we basically have everything we need with a few expenses. The total cost to produce and air â€Å"blagh† will be around $7,000. The show will be aired weekly so we will shoot the show every Thursday at 6:00. We will begin post-production and we will edit the show every Friday morning so that the show will be ready to air on Sunday. We will need about $1,000 for the set. The editing will be done in-house so we will pay overtime to the employees if needed. I believe that this show will gain exceptional ratings therefore brin... Free Essays on Example Of A Memorandum Free Essays on Example Of A Memorandum Memorandum To:, General Manager From: Date: February 13, 2003 Subject: Proposal for a Public Affairs TV Talk Show â€Å"blagh† Due to the growing issues surrounding Guam such as the possibility of war with Iraq and the effect it will have on our economy, there is a great demand to have an opinion based talk show where the residents of our island can voice their concerns and listen to what leaders and businessmen around our community are saying. Currently there are no talk shows on so we will benefit from our viewers. Target Audience The word â€Å"blagh† means â€Å"balance, harmony† in the American language. I chose this name for the show because the audience will get to see and listen to each persons point of view whether it be the governor or an overworked, underpaid teacher. There will be a sense of balance in the discussions and topics of the shows. The Viewers will most likely be over the age of 30. I propose to air the show for an hour every Sunday at 2:00. Sunday is the day that most people are home unwinding from an exhausting week of work and they would like to relax and watch television. Key Staff With myself as the producer, Mrs. Y as the director and Mr.X as the host I assure you that we will be a very productive team and the show will be a reflection of our hard work and dedication. Production Schedule And Costs Since we will be shooting the show in-house, we basically have everything we need with a few expenses. The total cost to produce and air â€Å"blagh† will be around $7,000. The show will be aired weekly so we will shoot the show every Thursday at 6:00. We will begin post-production and we will edit the show every Friday morning so that the show will be ready to air on Sunday. We will need about $1,000 for the set. The editing will be done in-house so we will pay overtime to the employees if needed. I believe that this show will gain exceptional ratings therefore brin...

Public Transport Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Public Transport - Assignment Example Increase of commuting is a desirable goal and has policy support (Bailey, 2007). Apart from this reasons like congestion on the roads, savings in commuting time would be seen as the chief reasons for a commuter to prefer public transport over using own cars. Typically a product or a service that gives enhanced value for a customer would what make a customer to switch to a service or a product. There is a big opportunity here for bus operators to create this critical additional value through use of ICT to induce commuters to switch over in a big way to using public transport like buses. This proposal is about creating a viable and profitable business model built through 2 products, the "Bus Catcher" and the "Bus bug" and software, all of which will provide an enhanced service offering to commuters. Bailey (2004) estimates that for an US population of 7.2 million non-drivers, 50% 0f which is people above the age of 654, public transportation is the only alternative, when they are going somewhere outside their immediate neighborhood. She also observes most U.S. residents still do not have the option of using public transportation to get places. Basing her observation on the American Housing survey of 2001, she says that just half - 49 percent - of all Americans reported that they have no public transportation service. ... Till very recently she says that a quarter of rural counties had below average public transportation service, and 41 percent had none at all. The gap between the need and what is available is high. The demand for public transport is however growing at a tremendous pace since the mid-nineties. Reasons like surging oil price, congestion, commuting time are the reasons. Pucher (2002 says that ridership is up 25.1percent since 1995, because of the awareness among the users that use of public transport saves money. Reducing commuting is seen to be the chief consideration for people to switching over to public transport. Another study indicates that demand will come further as people move away further and further away from their work place. (Howlett, 2008). This report says that people are willing to commute for over 90 minutes each way and an estimated 3.4 million Americans already are doing this and their numbers will be growing. Americans took 10.3 billion trips on public transportation in 2007, the highest level in 50 years, representing a 2.1% increase over the previous year, according to data released by the American Public Transportation Association (APTA). It is estimated to have grown by 32% since 1995. (Green Car Congress, 2008). Though bus service, at 1% was lower than the overall increase, it had a much bigger growth in places with population less than 100,000 and more than 5% in select urban areas. Even though the budget estimated to improve public transport is 50% of what would be needed, Federal funding has been increasing annually at the rate of 2.1 % since 2001(Bailey 2007) Increasing access to employment for the urban poor would mean their need to commute to suburbs and this will have to be an important policy decision of

The decline of tradition of holistic approach to culture in Coursework

The decline of tradition of holistic approach to culture in anthropology - Coursework Example social as well as the political processes to anthropology has had adopted a more scientific approach in their analysis leading to the decline of traditional holistic approaches. The emergence of a different view of culture and culture politics has resulted into a different view of how anthropologists regard holistic culture in their interpretation of key concepts and dimensions. The quest to verify all cultural attributes has led to anthropologist consideration of only specific trends in culture instead of adopting the entire culture of the people being studied. Cultural politics considers political ramifications of all cultures across a number of artistic and academic disciplines such as anthropology. Politics has all along relied heavily on culture to offer explanations for some of the actions of key politicians and general political conduct in the society. However the emergence of academic disciplines such as political science has led to the decline of tradition holistic approach to